Wednesday, September 5, 2012

Basic Weak Atheistic Existential Philosophies


Self-Interest as the Solution to Christianity; an Elliptical Critique

Here I wish to shed some light on a rather common mentality in our time: Self-interest. The self-interested man is one who continues the plight of the animal and forges his will by means of superior intellect to satiate his primal instinct to survive.  He is the Übermensch, the artist, the man who escapes the snares of “mediocrity”, the man freed from master-slave morality, who overthrows the shackles of taboo, who undermines the machinations of Attila and the Witchdoctor, who has buried the fabricated notion of summum bonum and has set himself up as his own god.  He recognizes power for what it is and wields his own.  Scoffing at the funerary culture of Christianity, still grieving its deceased deity, he is free.  All things proceeding from his own will, he is his own prime mover. All things directed by his own desire, he is his own form of good.  All potentiality flees before him as he creates himself through his own act.  He is, to himself, eternal.  He was there at the beginning and will be there at the end.  The world without him is meaningless because the world only exists to him insofar as he exists. He is not a microcosm within the universe:  Everything is as it is to himself:  He is the cosmos.  He lives with one notion ever reverberating through his mind, “I am who I am.”  He claims he is comfortable with this and this is what makes him most ridiculous.

Among all the truths he conjures and inculcates into his infallible worldview, one haunts him like the devil: “I will die.”  It is an ugly fact of which even the lowest animal is somewhat aware.  The primal instinct is to escape death and, for intelligent man, this instinct exudes forth from his brain as an obsession.  The Over-man is still trodden under by death and this is the humor which mingles with Nietzsche’s notion of the “gay science.”  For the egoist, the attempt to apply meaning to life is absurd.  All is futile.  All is vain.  Whatever cause, whatever impetus man finds to occupy himself dies with himself.  Mediocrity is overcome in pursuit of immortality but immortality is merely a sham and the greatest allegation against mankind’s inexorable demise.  We are, each one of us, doomed to die.
What is immortality?  The historically minded person who thinks that immortality subsists in posthumous fame or the continuation of his legacy or geniture need only ask himself if this would give satisfaction to his own will to survive.  It does not.  Alas, the greatest humor of our existence is that mortal man is too smart for his own good.  He transcends himself merely by thinking of the world without him which inevitably will be the case.  For quite some time, the world existed without him and will continue to exist after he is gone.  Mind games aside, he cannot cope with this.  The individual cannot squeeze his mind into the tiny frame of subjectivity and call himself content with his own “eternity”.  He knows that his end is upon him even now: Even now we are wasting away:  Even now our bodies succumb to decay.  Many see their impending death take hold of them slowly, torturously, and so unbearably that they hasten it.  Man becomes so oppressed by his own mortality that he often fails to see the value of life at all.  Old and feeble, mind slipping this way and that, friends and family already gone, he puts a weapon to his head or perhaps takes the rest of his medication all at once.  This, surely, is mediocrity.  Is it better to live on in the face of irresistible failure or to go against one’s primal instinct?  Either way, we are finished.  How depressing life is.  Man craves to exist but sees his very existence slipping like sand out of his mighty hands.
It is apparent that our attitudes are led in any of three directions.  Many choose to believe that “this” life is not our only life:  Immortality is the most common precept among religions and one need not wonder why.  It seems that immortality is somehow inherent to our thinking, as if primal man merely assumed that he would keep living on in some way after death.  The thought of life after death is an inclination so natural to man that we accept it without reserve from early childhood.  We cannot fully grasp the thought of non-existence and so it is no offense to the intellect to believe that we cannot entirely cease to exist.  We are hard pressed to explain how, but it makes sense to us.  It is a mysterious notion, but an easy notion because it is so satisfying.
Many may attest to their belief in the hereafter but nonetheless inadvertently fall into another attitude:  Unsatisfied by the shadowy uncertainty of religion, their craving for immortality turns to distraction. Ravenous consumers, rabid hedonists, and raging addicts of all kinds fill every waking moment with pleasure, noise, and work.  It is most likely the most common attitude of our time.   Look around and bask in wanton distraction.  Death is the last thing we wish to think about and, even when death comes into our home and makes her presence felt in our family, we hide her behind rituals, eulogies, flowers, decoration, formaldehyde, and a lot of makeup.  When one cannot see around death into the afterlife, he closes his eyes and runs from it.
Perhaps to be ever on the run is a pitiful way to go about life but, all existential dilemmas considered, it is a valid alternative to a third and even more pitiful attitude; to look death in the face and accept it.  This is real mediocrity.  This is submission to slavery.  This is direct tyranny without law or arbiter.  The will to survive courses through the marrow of our bones but it is not enough.  Someday, we will not be.  It is our greatest imperative to exist; we must exist, but we are not in control of this.  We can negate ourselves, but we cannot keep ourselves alive.  We have a mind for eternity, but our bodies fail us.  We are each one of us a failure, but to accept this failure and die with it is worse.
Self-interest is supreme stupidity.  To see one’s own failure amounts only to wisdom; to recognize what it is to be human; to be contingent.  But the self-interested man, though he is bound to accept his ultimate failure, refuses to believe. He takes wisdom only part-way and dies with it, too proud to give credence to success.  He cannot, because to admit the possibility of salvation is to admit his own impotency; that his primal instinct can only be sated by someone other than himself.  This is mediocrity.

John the Baptist and Humility



Many of the virtues which are valued in Christianity are not in themselves strictly Christian:  That is, Christianity herself shares and, in a way, “borrows” many of her defined concepts for right action most notably from the great thinkers of ancient Greece.  The cardinal virtues are the best example of this, Aristotle having spoken most extensively on them until Aquinas recognized and further delineated the philosopher’s insights.   There are some Christian virtues, however, which seem particular to Christianity; virtues which would be, without the Christian’s chief telos, absurd and befitting a place in Aristotle’s treatment of vices.  Humility is a striking example of this kind of Christian virtue which is, at best, misunderstood by those who witness it from outside a Christian perspective.  One of the greatest saints in the Christian tradition, John the Baptist, may be seen, in light of the Gospels’ sparse accounts of his life, to be a clear and simple witness to Christ.  St. John, the forerunner to Christ, was enabled to fulfill his God-given mission by the disposition formed through the virtue of humility and, living out this virtue, he helps to give us a true understanding of it and how it enlivens our relationship with Jesus Christ. 
Before attempting to examine a life of humility, let us consider what exactly makes humility so different from the classical virtues.  Aristotle was not utterly incognizant of something akin to humility.  As regards one’s internal disposition to his own worth, he describes the virtue of “high-mindedness"[1] in relation to the contrary vices of pettiness and vanity:
A man is regarded as high-minded when he thinks he deserves great things and actually deserves them…  A man who thinks he deserves great things but does not deserve them is vain… One who underestimates himself is small-minded…[2]
Aristotle speaks here of one’s entitlement to honor, stating that one should regard himself as great according to what he deserves.[3]  At first glance, the virtue of “high-mindedness” (often translated magnanimitas or ‘greatness of soul’) may seem quite different from the Christian concept of humilitas (which translated literally means ‘earthiness’).  The key notion which Aristotle seemed to conceptualize when explaining high-mindedness was that the manner in which one regards himself ought to reflect the truth; that one who deserves great things should also think he deserves great things.  This inward recognition of one’s true worth is in fact essential to the proper understanding of Christian humility.  Where humility and Aristotle’s “high-mindedness” differ is where the Christian can see a deeper truth than Aristotle would have been able to comprehend; that is, our true worth in relation to a personal God.
Of course, when comparing ourselves to an infinitely good and perfect God, we are close to nothing.  This does not mean however that we should regard ourselves as nothing.  Aristotle gives us a suitable means by which to avoid the extremes of pride and false-humility; extremes which may lead one on to presumption or despair.  While Aristotle roots his golden mean in the recognition of truth, St. John the Baptist went further still, living out his life in recognition of the Truth that is Jesus Christ.
The Gospel accounts of the life of St. John have an overarching feature which demonstrates the real fruit of humility:  Every action of St. John directs our attention to Christ.  Indeed, the Baptist never speaks for his own benefit but, in a yet more profound way, he manages to transfer all dialogue to the impending coming and verification of Christ.  He debuted into the Gospel narrative while still in his mother’s womb, “leaping for joy” at the arrival of Mary bearing the Lord.[4]  His early testimony did not draw attention to himself, but initiated Elizabeth’s proclamation “Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb!”[5] 

John was born and scarcely had he entered the world when his father, Zechariah, announced his earthly mission, “you will go before the Lord to prepare his ways…”[6]  John did not linger but, as we are told, he retreated into the wilderness until he appears again, fulfilling the mission his father announced. 
When we next see John, he has already begun his work, baptizing and announcing the kingdom.  The Jews are interested in his purpose, “[sending] priests and Levites from Jerusalem to ask him, ‘Who are you?’”[7]  John was wise enough to determine what they had in mind and his response was straightforward and direct, “I am not the Christ.”[8]  John, after confessing that he is neither a prophet nor Elijah, never actually identifies himself.  He quotes the prophet Isaiah, which his father Zechariah had echoed to him previously, “Make straight the way of the Lord.”[9]  It is noted by the Fathers that John was already held in high esteem by the Jews, which is made apparent by the fact he is yet of dignified birth, being the son of a priest, and by their choice to send priests and Levites from Jerusalem.[10]  John nonetheless did not attempt to garner credibility by means of his lineage.  He makes it quite clear that men who think themselves noble by birth have best to reconsider, “…do not presume to say to yourselves, ‘We have Abraham as our father’; for I tell you, God is able from these stones to raise up children to Abraham.”[11]  By these words, it is obvious that John is well aware of his “nearness to the ground”. 
The Baptist, however, did not let the knowledge of his lowly state paralyze him in his mission.  He does not use his noble descent as justification for his work, but rather maintains his purpose in direct relation to God, “No one can receive anything except what is given him from heaven.”[12]  He keeps far from any notion of self-justification, as any true prophet, but also continues to draw our attention away from himself.  He asserts his right to baptize, but immediately compares himself to Christ, “I baptize with water; but among you stands one whom you do not know, even he who comes after me, the thong of whose sandal I am not worthy to untie.”[13]
The Baptist was so determined in his work and intent on his purpose that he reached the point of self-emptying:  He was not one to be self-preoccupied.  John had scarcely seen Jesus coming from afar when he became the first to bear Him public testimony:  “Behold the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!”  John is the first to identify Jesus as the Messiah.  He admits that he did not know him prior to their encounter, but testifies at the prompting of the Holy Spirit, “…this is the Son of God.”[14]  John’s lack of self-interest facilitated his selfless ministry and his guileless testimony, which bore visible fruit for those around him.  In the account given us in the Gospel of John, it was the Baptist whose testimony led the first apostles, Simon and Andrew, to Christ’s side.[15]  John’s general message held the greatest concern for the souls of those who listened to him, calling for repentance and leading all of Judea and the surrounding country to confess their sins.[16]
St. John’s ascetical life is attested to in the synoptic Gospels, “John wore a garment of camel’s hair, and a leather girdle around his waist; and his food was locusts and wild honey.”[17]  The Fathers give various observations on the significance of such penitential conduct:  John’s penance speaks of a lack of concern for his own comfort, however not for mere self-disdain, but out of concern for the sins of the human race.[18]  It is noted furthermore that John was fully fit to be a witness to Christ because he had become a witness to himself.[19]  Again, it can be seen that every one of John’s deeds was done for the glorification of Jesus Christ.
The most fitting statement by John in the Gospels which aids in the understanding of humility is given in response to his own disciples.  Confronted with the news that Jesus had begun baptizing, he expresses his joy at hearing of the bridegroom and resigns himself, “He must increase, but I must decrease.”[20]  St. Augustine, commenting on these words, reflects on the comparison between Jesus and John:  “…a man’s confession, a man’s humility, is God’s pity, God’s exaltation.”[21]  He notes the differences even in the manner of their birth and death, if such an interpretation may be permitted, “John was beheaded, Christ was lifted up on the cross.  Then [sic] Christ was born, when the days begin to lengthen; John, when they begin to shorten.”[22]
We can thus see the way in which humility works in one’s life:  It empties us of ourselves, disinterested in our own motives, so that we may be filled with the love of Christ.    Humility is a confrontation and acknowledgment of the truth; that the Truth is always greater.  This acceptance of our lowliness, however, does not paralyze us.  It does not leave us groveling or scraping so much that we dare not approach God.  Instead, it ought to challenge us to live out our lives for His glory.  St. John was certainly respected by those in his time, even by some Jews who did not respect Jesus, but all of his credibility and authority was used to witness that Christ was the Son of God.  John was loud and fierce, a voice which was heard from far and wide:  He shows us that humility is not concerned simply with being quiet.  He rather shows us that, as his calling required, he had to cast off all cares for himself in order to direct others to the Messiah.  Humility drives us to action, not necessarily to close in on and hide ourselves, but simply to pursue Christ without shame.




[1] megalopsychia
[2] Aristotle Ethica Nicomachea 1123b 1-10
[3] op. cit. 27
[4] Luke 1.41-44
[5] Lk 1.42
[6] Lk 1.76
[7] Jn 1.19
[8] Jn 1.20, Catena Aurea 46
[9] Jn 1.23, Is 40.3
[10] Catena Aurea Jn I.19-23 (Chrys.)
[11] Mt 3.9
[12] Jn 3.27
[13] Jn 1.26-27
[14] Jn 1.34
[15] Jn 1.37
[16] Mt 3.5-6
[17] Mt 3.4
[18] Catena Aurea Mt III.4 (Remig.)
[19] op. cit. (Pseudo-Chrys.)
[20] Jn 3.30
[21] Catena Aurea Jn III.27-30 (Aug.)
[22] ibid.